Evaporative air conditioning system can be split into direct evaporative air conditioning system, indirect evaporative air conditioning system, indirect-direct combined air conditioning system, evaporative cooling-mechanical refrigeration combined system [19,20]. The characteristics of evaporative air conditioning are: circulating water as the refrigerant, no fluorine and chlorine compounds, no leaks and disposal issues after scrapping of above compounds, no pollution to the environment, simple system, less energy-consuming components, well economic advantages in operation and initial investment, but its application is greatly affected by the environment.

For power plants, evaporative air conditioning has tremendous advantages for the large difference between dry and wet bulb temperature of air in hot-dry regions. A large amount of sensible heat is emitted from the auxiliary equipment in steam turbines and frequency conversion machine rooms. Therefore, the combination of direct evaporative cooling and mechanical ventilation is very suitable for dealing with high sensible heat and can greatly reduce sectional area of the wind pipe. Evaporative air conditioning unit for frequency conversion machine rooms of power plants is shown in Fig. 2.

Tang et al. [21] pointed out that it was necessary to seriously consider the effects of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems on the thermal power plants during the design period. They mentioned that evaporative cooling ventilation system can reduce the air temperature by 10°C. He et al. [22] also suggested that the designers should keep trying to use an evaporative air handling unit in air-cooled inverter room. This technology could not only keep the good quality of air, but also avoid outdoor dust entering the indoor with the ventilation system, so that the indoor environment could be improved. He et al. [22] compared different types of air conditioning systems in the air-cooled inverter room of power plants. The economic efficiency of electric power refrigerating air conditioners and evaporative air conditioners were compared by case study. The results showed that the initial investment and operating costs of evaporative air conditioners were lower than conventional air conditioners. Xu [23] studied the application of evaporative air conditioners in hydropower plants. The results showed that evaporative air conditioners were feasible and economical in hydropower plants. Li et al. [24] explored the application of two-stage direct evaporative air-conditioning units for nuclear power plant. The results of the experiment indicated that the system could make the dry bulb temperature of indoor air close to the wet bulb temperature of outdoor air in the middle humidity regions when the temperature difference is 4°C to 5°C between the dry and wet bulb temperature of outdoor air. It was indicated that the two-stage direct evaporative air-conditioning unit has a bright prospect in the nuclear power plant.

In the process of thermal power generation, exhaust steam cooling is an important part of the power generation process. Cooling water is usually used as the medium to cool the exhaust steam. In dry and hot areas, air-cooled units are gradually developed due to the water scarcity. The cooling effect of exhaust steam cooling is greatly affected by the environmental factors since air is used as the cooling medium. Especially in hot periods, the rated output of 600 MW air-cooled unit will be reduced by 10%∼20% [25]. The research showed that evaporative condenser can improve the cooling effect of air-cooled units by combining evaporative cooling technology with air-cooled units (Fig. 3). As shown in Fig. 3, the spray cooling system will open when the ambient air heats up while it is shut down when the direct air-cooling system meets the cooling load to save water. The cooling mechanism of evaporative cooling assisted direct air-cooled system includes sensible cooling and latent cooling by water evaporation.

Du et al. [26] established a theoretical analysis model of the evaporative condenser. The case analysis indicated that the evaporative condenser could apparently decrease the steam turbine’s exhaust pressure, which helped to improve the steam turbine’s functional capacity. Wei et al. [27] systematically analyzed the feasibility of application, which evaporative condenser was used for steam condensation of small steam turbine with steam feed pump. The results showed that the advantages of evaporative condenser were energy saving, water reserving, low operation and maintenance costs than the conventional water-cooled unit. Guo et al. [28] explored the feasibility of the application of evaporative condensers for thermal power plant cooling systems, and proved the feasibility by application cases. Bustamante et al. [29] studied the performance of air-cooled condensers under different operating conditions. They found that the water-cooled power plants can be replaced by air-cooled condensers, which has the advantages of increasing air flow, reducing air side thermal resistance and air side pressure loss.

For the numerical simulation of spray cooling of direct air-cooled units, Wang et al. [30,31] conducted a series of studies on the application of spraying cooling for the performance improvement of the direct air-cooled unit. Through numerical simulation, it was found that the spray cooling system could significantly reduce the inlet air temperature and improve the unit’s summer output. Simultaneously, the system showed that the economic benefits were considerable by the economic analysis. Zhang [32] carried out numerical simulation on the air-cooled unit by spray cooling system as well as found that the spray cooling could improve the air condenser’s heat exchange. He found the air-water surface and the residence time of droplets in the heat transfer zone were important factors affecting the heat and mass transfer between droplets and air. Zhou et al. [33] carried out numerical simulation about spray humidification system of the air-cooled unit. The results showed that the optimal nozzles arrangement could increase the unit vacuum by 7%, and the coal consumption for power generation had been reduced by 7 g/(kW⋅h). Hui [34] modified the fan model in the direct air-cooled unit by the spray humidification system, as well as used the MRF model to simulate the fan. Simultaneously, the cooling effect of the spray humidification system under the rotating flow field was simulated.

The gas turbine’s performance is greatly influenced by the ambient temperature especially in summer, which is very likely to cause an imbalance in the supply and demand of power generation [35]. The inlet air cooling can maintain high efficiency power generation of the gas turbine [36]. At the present, the commonly used inlet air cooling methods are: direct evaporative cooling method and electric refrigeration. The electric refrigeration consumes a certain amount of external energy, but the temperature drop is large; the direct evaporative cooling method cools air through water evaporation. The cooling effect of direct evaporative cooling is greatly affected by the temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air [37]. In some areas as hot and dry, direct evaporative cooling method has certain economic advantages when compared with electric refrigeration.

Fig. 4 shows the evaporative cooling unit for inlet air cooling of gas turbine in power stations. Mohapatra et al. [38] compared the inlet air cooling of gas turbine by evaporative cooling and by vapor compression cooling. It was found that vapor compression cooling could increase the work and efficiency of the power plant by 18.4% and 4.18%, respectively under high ambient temperature and high relative humidity, which was better than evaporative cooling. However, when the ambient relative humidity and ambient temperature were low, evaporative cooling was better than vapor compression cooling. Najjar [39] explored the gas turbine engine with inlet air precooler, the power, efficiency and fuel consumption of the engine were compared with the ordinary gas turbine engine (i.e., without pre-cooling). It was found that the power, efficiency and fuel consumption of the gas turbine with inlet air pre-cooling could be increased by 21%, 38% and 28%, respectively. Najjar et al. [40] investigated the inlet air cooling of gas turbines by combined cooling systems. It was found that the gas turbine’s power and efficiency could be increased by 15% and 9% using the indirect evaporative cooling system with absorption chiller, while indirect evaporative cooling system with mechanical chillers could increase the power and efficiency by about 7.81% and 2.24%, respectively. Shukla et al. [41–43] indicated that a cooling system consisting of inlet air cooling, steam injection, and film cooling is the best combination for gas turbine cycle to perform high thermal performance. Then they conducted a thermal performance evaluation of gas turbine integrating inlet cooling, injection steam cooling, and film cooling. They found that the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine cycle is at its peak at turbine inlet temperature of 1800 K and pressure ratio of 24. The thermal efficiency of gas turbine with the hybrid cooling system is increased by 18.63% under the same conditions when compared to a simple gas turbine cycle. Subsequently, they further investigated the effect of operating conditions on the thermal performance of a gas turbine combined cycle power plant. The output specific work and thermal efficiency of the combined cycle power plant are increased by 17.34% and 6.78%, respectively when the ratio of steam to air increases from 3% to 7% at a cycle pressure ratio of 24. Barakat et al. [44] proposed a novel inlet air cooling system composed of an earth-air heat exchanger and a fogging cooling system for gas turbine and carried out a comparative study on the performance of a 125 MW gas turbine unit. The annual average power of the gas turbine with hybrid cooling system and fogging cooling is increased by 9.8% and 6.6%, respectively when compared to the gas turbine unit without cooling. In addition, the hybrid inlet air cooling system can save 50% of water consumption in hot days when compared to the fogging cooling system.

The main applications of direct evaporative cooling in cooling towers are wet cooling towers and hybrid cooling towers in the power plants. The turbine exhaust steam is condensed into liquid water in the condenser. The circulating cooling water is used to cool exhaust steam in many power plants. Cooling towers are generally utilized to decrease the circulating water temperature.

The cooling tower is divided into three types (i.e., wet cooling tower, dry cooling tower and wet-dry hybrid cooling tower) [45]. The circulating water is cooled by direct evaporation in wet cooling tower. The dry cooling tower applied the heat exchanger to cool the circulating water. Wet-dry hybrid cooling tower is a combination of wet cooling and dry cooling [46,47]. These cooling towers are compared in Table 2. The research of the application on evaporative cooling in power plant cooling towers is discussed in detail below.

Fig. 5 shows a NDWCT, the air contact directly with the circulating water and carries out mass and heat transfer in the rain zone; The circulating water is cooled by three zones, i.e., the rain zone, water distribution zone and the wet medium zone. The function of buoyancy is to drive the air in the NDWCT [49]. The temperature difference between inside hot air of the tower and ambient cool air generated density difference of air, which produced the buoyancy. In Fig. 5, the drift eliminators collect drifting water droplets, the distribution system makes the water distribution more uniform.

NDWCTs have been applied diffusely in thermal and nuclear power plants. The major factors affecting the cooling performance are cooling tower structure, wet media, circulating water flow rate and temperature, and environmental meteorological conditions [50–54].

NDWCT can be classified into conventional cooling tower (CCT) and HWCCT. Fig. 9 shows a typical HWCCT. The water collecting devices (WCDs) replaced the rain zone in HWCCT. The free-falling height of water droplets in CCT is high (i.e., rain zone), and the potential energy of the cooling water is lost. Meanwhile, the head of water supply pump is large and the energy consumption is high. However, in the HWCCT, the cooling water flows through the fills and is collected by the WCDs [83]. Hence, the water potential energy is saved by the WCD in the rain zone. HWCCTs are promising compared with the CCTs because their merits are saving water potential energy in the rain zone, low noise and decreased pump head [84].

In 1980s, the HWCCTs occurred firstly at a French nuclear power plant [86,87]. At the present, there are few studies on HWCCT. Jin et al. [88] discussed a 330 MW HWCCT could save 7822.9 MW⋅h power a year when compared to a conventional tower. Li [89] conducted an energy-saving analysis of a HWCCT. It was found that the energy-saving and noise-reducing effects of the HWCCT was remarkable, and it had broad application prospects for super-large cooling towers. Li et al. [90] found that HWCCT is recommended in long-term operation due to its cost efficiency analyzing the economics of HWCCT and CCT. Zou et al. [69,91] studied the HWCCT’s ventilation and thermal performance under crosswind through field tests. It was found that the HWCCT’s thermal performance under low-crosswind speed was better than that under high-crosswind speed. Moreover, Dang et al. [92] studied the effect of crosswind on the cooling performance of fill zone, rain zone and spray zone in a HWCCT. It was found that the fill zone was the main zone for heat and mass transfer, and the fill zone was affected by crosswind sensitively under low circulating water flow rate and small crosswind speed. To reduce the adverse impact of crosswind, Chen et al. [93] developed a 3D model of HWCCT with cross walls. It was found that the influence of crosswind on the cooling performance of the HWCCT could be reduced when the porosity of the cross wall was 0.33∼0.53. In addition, Chen et al. [94] proposed different water collection methods at the periphery and center of the tower, which could eliminate vortex and improve the heat dissipation capacity at the periphery of the tower.

The HWCCT with the WCDs is different from traditional wet cooling towers, they have impact on the HWCCT’s performance through the flow resistance on the air-side, thus interfering with the airflow. Therefore, WCDs are important for efficient operation of HWCCT. Some researchers focused on WCDs. Wu [84] compared the aerodynamic field and temperature field of HWCCT and CCT by numerical simulation, and obtained the optimum installing height and the angle of WCDs. Lyu et al. [95] studied the airflow fields in WCDs by combining wind tunnel test with numerical simulation, which laid a foundation for the optimizing of the WCDs. The above researches on WCDs were carried out under dry condition, but the WCDs work under wet condition in the actual operation of HWCCT. Therefore, He et al. [85] studied the air-side flow resistance of U-type, V-type and rectangular WCDs under wet and dry conditions through wind tunnel tests. The results showed that the flow resistance and water collecting capacity of U-type WCDs were the best when compared with the other two types. Further, He et al. [96] experimentally investigated the airflow through U-type WCDs by a wind tunnel. They found that the average pressure drop is 86% at wet mode higher than that at dry mode when the air speed is 0.5∼3.0 m/s and the WCDs have lower pressure drop when the WCDs had larger slab spaces and larger slab angles.

A NDDCT relies on buoyancy to drive the airflow through the radiator inside the tower to exchange heat, it is a good cooling equipment due to the advantage of water saving when compared with the NDWCT. The air-cooled system in thermal power plants can be classified as indirect and direct air-cooled system. Indirect air-cooled system means the exhaust steam is cooled by cooling towers indirectly. That is to say, circulating cooling water cools the steam turbine exhaust in the condenser, and dry cooling towers cool the circulating cooling water. Direct air-cooled system means that the steam discharged from the steam turbine is directly cooled by the dry cooling units, instead of the condensers [45]. The indirect cooling system can be divided into Hammon system (Fig. 10) and Heller system (Fig. 11) according to the difference in the condenser type and the radiator arrangement. The Heller system uses a jet condenser and the radiator arranged outside the air-cooled tower. The Hammon system uses a surface condenser, and the radiator is arranged inside the tower. Chen et al. [97] compared the advantages and disadvantages of surface indirect and direct air-cooled system, and found the indirect air-cooled system was recommended considering the economics. The Heller system has high requirements on water quality and complicated equipment since the cooling water is directly mixed with the exhaust steam. Therefore, the Harmon system become popular. The air-cooled tower discussed below is the NDDCTs in Harmon system unless otherwise stated (Fig. 10).

In the air-cooled towers, the heat transfer consists only of convective heat transfer since the water indirectly contacts with the air. However, in the wet cooling tower, the cooling water directly contacts with the air and the heat transfer occurs by convective heat transfer and evaporation. In air-cooled cooling tower and wet cooling tower, the water can be cooled to dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature of the ambient air, respectively. The cooling water outlet temperature of wet cooling tower is lower when compared with air-cooled tower. Besides, the cooling performance of air-cooled towers is significantly decreased in the high-temperature environment [98]. It is vital to optimize the air-cooled tower to improve its cooling effect during the hot period [46,53].

According to the operation of NDDCT, increasing the heat rejection rate of NDDCT can be obtained by increasing the ventilation rate, increasing the heat transfer temperature difference and introducing evaporation, such as dry/wet hybrid cooling tower, inlet air pre-cooling technology. The following sections will review the hybrid cooling tower and inlet air pre-cooling technology.

The hybrid cooling system is a combination of wet cooling and dry cooling, which can be divided into two patterns, (i.e., separate pattern and joint pattern). The dry cooling part and the wet cooling part are built in the joint hybrid cooling system (Fig. 12), which leads to the small land occupation and complex structure of the system. For the separate hybrid cooling system (Fig. 13), the two parts are introduced into the cold end of the power plant separately, the advantage of this system is convenient in maintenance, but this system has large land occupation and large capital investment [99,100].

The hybrid cooling tower is a compromise between the wet and the dry cooling. In Fig. 12, the dry section is the upper section in the hybrid cooling tower, the cooling water is cooled firstly by the finned tube radiator; the lower part is the wet section, the cooling water from the dry section is further cooled in the wet section through heat and mass transfer in the zones of water distribution, fill and rain zone.

Huang et al. [102] explored the cooling performance of a hybrid cooling tower by establishing a calculation model under variable operating conditions. The results indicated that the hybrid cooling tower provided high cooling performance at large spray flow ratio and low ambient humidity. Hu et al. [103] developed a new thermodynamic model to predict the water-saving performance of a hybrid cooling tower, they found the hybrid cooling tower could save 5.04 kg/s of water at the ambient temperature of −9.6°C, air flow rate of 465.12 kg/s, heat exchanger units of 26 and could save 0.61 kg/s of water at the ambient temperature of 14.7°C, air flow rate of 290.44 kg/s, heat exchanger units of 6. Hu et al. [101] studied the effect of environmental parameters on the cooling performance of a hybrid cooling system for a 660 MW thermal power plant by numerical simulation. The results showed that the cooling performance deterioration of the wet cooling system and hybrid cooling system are less severe than that of the dry cooling system. The cooling performance of the hybrid cooling system is superior to that of dry cooling system with 45.84% lower fan power consumption at the dry-bulb temperature of 0°C. Xia et al. [104] compared the evaporation loss of natural draft hybrid cooling tower and NDWCT for a 300 MW thermal power plant by simulation. The study found that natural draft hybrid cooling tower saves more than 95% of water when compared with NDWCT. The numerical calculation and experimental study of a hybrid cooling tower were constructed by Asvapoositkul et al. [47]. It was found that the wet cooling had better cooling performance, the wet cooling system was more sensitive to the change of water flow, and the air-cooled system was more sensitive to the change of air flow.

Increasing the heat transfer temperature difference is another effective way to improve the heat exchange rate of air-cooled tower, e.g., the air inlet pre-cooling. The inlet air of the tower is pre-cooled and the temperature difference between the air and hot water inside the heat exchanger is enlarged, so the cooling performance of the tower is increased. Evaporative pre-cooling can be introduced by two methods (i.e., wet media and nozzle spray) [1].

Fig. 14 shows a NDDCT pre-cooled by wet media [105]. The wet media are installed in the air inlet area of NDDCT, and the water is distributed by the distributor above the wet media to uniformly wet the media. The water deposited on the wet media evaporates and the cooled air absorbs heat from the hot water in the heat exchanger to reduce the circulating water temperature.

He et al. [106,107] selected four kinds of fills (two splash fills and two film fills) for direct evaporative cooling experiments, and obtained the calculation formulas of their cooling efficiency and pressure drop, which provides guideline for future research of pre-cooled NDDCTs. Subsequently, He et al. [108] utilized the obtained formula for calculating the performance of the wet media to simulate a NDDCT pre-cooled by wet media as well as discovered that the performance improvement of the NDDCT using film fill pre-cooling was better than that of the splash fills. The direct evaporative pre-cooling system could apparently increase the NDDCT’s heat transfer rate under the hot-dry condition. The heat rejection rate improvement of the NDDCT is 104% from 45 to 92 MW. He et al. [46,109] compared the parameters (heat transfer rate and water consumption) of a NDDCT, a pre-cooled NDDCT with wet media and a wet cooling tower by simulation. They discovered that the wet cooling tower had the highest heat rejection rate, the evaporative pre-cooling enhancement could increase 46% for the NDDCT in January. Comparing with the wet cooling tower, the pre-cooling system could save water by 70%. The inlet air pre-cooling of NDDCT is an effective measure to save water resources and enhance the thermal performance of the NDDCT in hot periods.

The wet media introduced an additional pressure drop, reducing the air flow through the tower [110]. Another method to enhance the tower’s cooling performance is spray pre-cooling, which has the advantages of simple structure and low maintenance cost [111]. The most important point is that the additional pressure drop caused by nozzle spray can be neglected. Fig. 15 shows a NDDCT pre-cooled by nozzle spray. The nozzles are installed at the NDDCT’s air inlet zone. The inlet air of NDDCT transfers heat with the water injected from the nozzle to decrease the inlet air temperature of NDDCT.

Sadafi et al. [113] compared the performance of spray cooling system by saline water and pure water. The results showed that using saline water could increase the cooling efficiency on the region near the nozzle by 8.0%, and saline water was easier to achieve full evaporation than pure water. Subsequently, Sadafi et al. [114] compared the temperature distribution of five different nozzle arrangements, and found that the cooling efficiency could be improved by 2.9% under optimization of the nozzle arrangement. Sun et al. [115] developed a 3D model of NDDCT to study the effect of spray angle on the tower’s cooling performance and revealed the best injection angle for complete evaporation changed with the nozzle height. Then, Sun et al. [116] explored the nozzle’s arrangement of the pre-cooled NDDCT and found that a large number of nozzle arrangements could achieve better cooling effect; when five nozzles are adopted, the air temperature drop can reach to 6.3 K, and the cooling efficiency is 51.2%. Chen et al. [117] explored the influences of various environmental parameters, spray droplet size and the distance from the nozzle to the heat exchanger on the cooling performance of spray pre-cooled NDDCT. They revealed that the inlet air humidity had a great effect on the direct evaporative cooling process. With the humidity of the air increased, the spray droplets size and the height of nozzles need to be adjusted to achieve high cooling performance.

Direct evaporative cooling is a cost-effective, energy-saving and efficient cooling method, which is widely used in industry production, especially in the field of electric power engineering. Researches about evaporative air conditioning, performance optimization of direct evaporative cooling in dry cooling system and gas turbine inlet air cooling have been in-depth and comprehensively reviewed. Through the review about the application of direct evaporative cooling in cooling towers of thermal power stations, the advantages of direct evaporative cooling technology are highlighted, and the shortcomings of existing research and technology are pointed out, which provides a reference for the further development of direct evaporative cooling.

It was found that the current researches of wet cooling tower mainly focused on fills, water distribution, crosswind effect and the HWCCT. The future research of wet cooling tower will focus on how to optimize the fill arrangement and decrease the negative effects of crosswind in the process of tower design. The research of HWCCT will also be the future research highlights. If the HWCCT’s cooling performance can be improved, it will be the developing direction of wet cooling tower in the future. The comparison between CCT and HWCCT is shown in Table 5.

Three methods (i.e., increasing the ventilation, increasing the temperature difference and introducing evaporative cooling) can improve the heat rejection rate of air-cooled towers. The review focuses on hybrid cooling and inlet air pre-cooling. Researches revealed that the cooling performance of hybrid cooling towers is better when compared with the air-cooled towers, and further optimization research about hybrid towers will be a topic of high interest in the future. Table 6 summarizes the performance improvement of hybrid cooling tower and NDDCT pre-cooled with wet media and nozzle spray.

In hot periods, the cooling performance of NDDCTs can be enhanced by direct evaporative pre-cooling technology. The spray pre-cooling system will be a research hotspot because of its small additional pressure loss, simple structure, low maintenance requirement. Currently, researches about spray pre-cooling system mainly focus on the influence of water quality (saline water and pure water) on cooling performance and the optimization of nozzle arrangement. Further optimization of nozzle arrangement should consider ambient temperature, humidity, crosswind. Meanwhile, the economic analysis of pre-cooling system is a research gap.

The air is driven into the tower by buoyancy force, and the circulating water in the heat exchanger is cooled by the air in a NDDCT. In a NDWCT, the air flows through the rain zone, wet medium zone and the spray zone sequentially, where the circulating water is exposed to direct contact with the air for heat exchange. In a pre-cooled NDDCT with wet media, the air is initially subjected to evaporative cooling in the wet medium zone, and then the cooled air absorbs heat from the circulating water in the heat exchanger of the tower. Comparing the performance of three typical towers (i.e., NDDCT, NDWCT and pre-cooled NDDCT with wet media) is the major objective of this case study. The case study selects the average monthly climate parameters of a typical hot-dry area in Australia in 2008 [46].

For the three types of towers discussed below, the following parameters are the same: the tower height, inlet diameter, outlet diameter are 130, 92 and 65 m, respectively; the ambient pressure is 100.9 kPa, the ambient humidity is 32.4%, the inlet water temperature is 323.15 K and its mass flow is 10000 kg/s. Table 7 lists the other design parameters. The tower dimensions are the same for the sake of comparison.

The mathematical model of a NDDCT is discussed in the reference [46]. In the direct evaporative pre-cooling process, the fills have two functions: one is to enlarge air-water contact surface; the other is to extend the contact time between air and water. According to the study of He et al. [106], this paper selects the film fill of CELdek7060 (Manufacturer: Munters Corp., Sweden) for pre-cooling study.

In the natural draft cooling tower, the energy equation and draft equation are coupled with each other. and the operation of the tower is simulated by a MATLAB iterative program. The MATLAB codes for iterative calculations of the NDDCT, the NDWCT and the pre-cooled NDDCT in Table 7 are developed for simulation. In the MATLAB algorithms, the fixed variables are the design parameters of the tower and heat exchanger, hot water flow rate, water inlet temperature and wet medium type and thickness. The thermal performance and water consumption of the three kinds of cooling towers are obtained by iterative calculations as reported in the reference [46]. Comparing the three kinds of cooling towers under the same design parameters and operation conditions, it was found that: (1) the cooling performance of NDDCT is improved by pre-cooling with wet media during hot periods while the NDWCT’s cooling performance is the highest. The tower’s heat rejection rate follows the order of NDWCT > Pre-cooled NDDCT > NDDCT; (2) the performance of three compared towers are remarkably influenced by the ambient parameters (i.e., temperature and humidity); (3) in January, the NDDCT’s heat rejection rate enhancement raises up to 46% from 93 to 136 MW owing to the pre-cooling system; (4) the pre-cooled NDDCT can save 70% water than the NDWCT [46].

It is proved that evaporative pre-cooling of NDDCTs is able to improve the cooling performance of a NDDCT during hot periods. Besides, the water consumption of a pre-cooled NDDCT is much lower than that of a NDWCT. In conclusion, evaporative pre-cooling technology has a prospective application in NDDCTs. Therefore, a further comparative study of the most frequently used pre-cooling methods, i.e., wet medium pre-cooling and nozzle spray pre-cooling, is carried out in Section 6.2.

According to Katsoulas et al. [118], the system with wet media is more efficient than that with spray, but wet media introduce the extra pressure drop resulting in decreasing the air flow of a natural draft cooling tower [55,119]. The performance of three types of towers (i.e., the NDDCT, the pre-cooled NDDCT using nozzle spray and the pre-cooled NDDCT using wet media) is discussed and analyzed in this section.

This paper reviews the application and research of evaporative cooling in power plants. The following conclusions can be obtained:(1)

There is a significant improvement on the thermal performance of a gas turbine cycle system using inlet air cooling technology. Evaporative cooling technology has poor enhancement on the thermal performance of the gas turbine cycle and has larger water consumption when compared to vapor compression cooling, absorption cooling and hybrid cooling technology. However, evaporative cooling technology is recommended at low ambient air temperature and low relative humidity conditions as it is cost effective.

Future research will be a topic with increasing interest about the optimization of nozzle arrangement of the nozzle spray system. Besides, the ambient air temperature, humidity, crosswind and other influencing factors should be considered during the optimization of nozzle arrangement. Meanwhile, economic analysis of NDDCT with different evaporative pre-cooling systems are suggested to consider the water consumption, the increment of power output, the capital investment, etc.