Coronavirus: A “Mild” Virus Turned Deadly Infection

: Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can be transmitted from one person to another. Earlier strains have only been mild viruses, but the current form, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become a deadly infection. The outbreak originated in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide. The symptoms of COVID-19 include a dry cough, sore throat, fever, and nasal congestion. Antimicrobial drugs, pathogen–host interaction, and 2 weeks of isolation have been recommended for the treatment of the infection. Safe operating procedures, such as the use of face masks, hand sanitizer, handwashing with soap, and social distancing, are also sug-gested. Moreover, travel bans for cities, states, and countries have been put in place, along with lockdowns to control the outbreak. Travel restrictions, mask use, sanitizer or soap use, and avoidance of touching the face and nose have produced encouraging results, whereas the effectiveness of antibiotics has not been proved. The results of isolation for the recovery of infected people have also been promising. Travel bans and lockdowns have caused a slump in economies, and unemployment has risen sharply, resulting in an increase in mental health cases globally. To date, vaccines have been developed and are in use in certain countries, but following standard operating procedures remain critical. The countries following the guidelines can eradicate this virus. New Zealand was the first country to eliminate the virus from their territory.


Introduction
Humans or animals can become ill owing to a large family of viruses, but coronaviruses are particularly deadly. Several coronaviruses can cause mild infections in humans that are related to respiration, such as the common cold, but they can also cause severe diseases, such as SARS and MERS. The most recent form of coronavirus, discovered after its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19), an infectious disease [1]. In the early stages of the disease, the symptoms of COVID-19 can be mild, but they can grow exponentially worse. In some cases, people may feel normal and exhibit no symptoms, although they may still have the disease, making it even more dangerous to others [1].
The symptoms of COVID-19 are a dry cough, runny nose, sore throat, diarrhea, fatigue, nasal congestion, fever, and aches and pains, but of these symptoms, dry cough, fatigue, and fever are the most common symptoms [2]. The recovery rate of COVID-19 is around 80%, and numerous patients recover without any form of special treatment [1]. The ratio of infected people who develop breathing dif culties and experience severe illness is about 1 out of 6. Those who become seriously ill typically have underlying medical issues, such as diabetes, heart problems, and high blood pressure [3].
The disease can be spread from one person to another because small droplets from the mouth or nose of an infected person who exhales or coughs may land on surfaces or people in the vicinity. Therefore, individuals can contract this disease by breathing in droplets exhaled by an individual with COVID-19. They can also contract this disease when they touch a contaminated surface and then touch their mouth, nose, or eyes. Considering the severe consequences of exhaling or coughing, it is advised that individuals stay at least 3 ft (1 m) away from an ill person [4].
The main route for the spread of COVID-19 is through respiratory droplets from the cough of an infected person; however, there is a smaller chance of contracting this disease from someone who is infected but is not showing any symptoms of COVID-19 [1]. Moreover, only mild symptoms are experienced by most infected people who are in the early stages of the disease, but there may still be a chance of contracting the disease from someone who feels relatively well [5].
The research based on coronaviruses (particularly the one that causes  suggests that the virus can persist on surfaces for a few hours for up to several days, but the duration is uncertain. There are a few factors to consider, including the humidity or temperature of the environment and the type of surface. Using a simple disinfectant is advised to clean the surface and protect oneself and others by killing the virus [6].
Antibiotics work only on bacterial infections and do not work against viruses. Some guidelines to keep safe from this virus include the avoidance of touching the nose, mouth, or eyes, and washing the hands with an alcohol-based liquid or soap and water. Antibiotics should not be used for COVID-19 because no bene t exists from using them. They should only be used for the treatment of bacterial infections as directed by a physician. The usage of some traditional, Western, or home remedies may alleviate the symptoms of COVID-19, but no evidence indicates that any speci c antiviral medicine or vaccine can treat or prevent COVID- 19 [7]. The use of a face mask can reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19; masks are effective and still allow for communication with an infected person provided that adequate social distance is also maintained.
To diagnose COVID-19, a test must be administered through the upper respiratory tract, which incorporates the nasal cavity directly at the junction of the nose and throat. The tests are thought to be accurate because a high level of viral organisms gathers in the respiratory tract.
The test lasts for a few seconds, and tests are sent to a laboratory for results. Infected people with mild symptoms are also advised to stay isolated for two weeks. These guidelines must be followed even if the patient has previously recovered from COVID-19, as a person can become infected more than once; hence, another wave of the deadly infection can occur [8].

Effects of COVID-19
Tab. 1 contains data related to the effects of COVID-19 in Pakistan, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It includes the number of con rmed cases (5496) and deaths (93) as of April 13, 2020 at 2:00 a.m. Central European Summer Time (CEST) [2].    Tab. 3 contains information related to the amount of money that has been pledged by different countries to ght COVID-19. Pakistan has pledged $600 million, which includes about $15 million for labor workers and about $7.5 million for tax refunds to exports and industry. Another $7.5 million is for small and medium industries and the agricultural sector, and the rest of the money will be spent as required in other elds (especially medicine). Japan has pledged $19 billion, which includes loan support worth 1.1 trillion yen (Japanese currency). Moreover, people affected by the closing of schools and professionals in the medical eld will obtain 430.8 billion yen in aid, and all companies that have been affected by COVID-19 will be able to obtain low-cost loans because 500 billion yen has been allocated for that purpose by the Japanese government. In addition, China has pledged $9.85 billion [3]. The United States (U.S.) has pledged $1 trillion, which includes providing Americans with direct cash payments, nancial stability for virus testing, access to free food for people in need, and paid sick leave. South Korea has pledged $9.1 billion, which includes providing help in terms of rent subsidies, leniency in taxation, and necessary support for households, businesses, and the medical profession. The Middle East has pledged $58.3 billion, which includes Bahrain ($11.4 billion), Egypt ($6.4 billion), Saudi Arabia ($13.3 billion), and the United Arab Emirates Tab. 4 presents the number of papers found in 3 different databases using the query coronavirus outbreak. These three databases are Science Direct (5614), Google Scholar (2700), and IEEE Xplore (5).  ), and London (FTSE) since the start of the outbreak. The statistics are from April 1, 2020, 9:00 am GMT according to Bloomberg. All these stock exchange markets were trending around 0% before the outbreak of COVID-19, but they suffered enormously as the markets fell to −22.2% for Nikkei, −24.1% for the Dow Jones, and −28.8% for FTSE. These trends highlight the enormous economic impact of the pandemic, which has presented a massive challenge globally [4]. Currently, more than 6 million Americans have lost their jobs, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This is one of the worst job-loss rates in U.S. history and is expected to become the worst ever as the virus will not end soon [6].  . All countries are expected to decrease in growth in 2020 owing to the pandemic. China will likely suffer most from the virus, decreasing around 1.2% in its growth rate from the year 2019 to 2020. The U.S. will likely come in second, losing about 0.5% of its growth rate during the same period. The U.K. and France are projected to lose around 0.7% and 0.5% of their growth rate from the year 2019 to 2020, respectively. Japan, Germany, the European Union, and Italy are projected to lose 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.5% of their growth rates, respectively. The world growth rate is projected to fall by around 0.5% from 2019 to 2020.

Importance and Challenges
The proposed research was based on various groups from different areas of the world, such as China, the U.S., and Europe, to better predict the spread of COVID-19 [8].
Medical professionals who treat COVID-19 patients have been infected and are experiencing mental health issues as they spend most of their time around patients with COVID-19 and work in areas where these patients are treated [9]. Even countries that have zero cases are on alert because there is no telling how fast this virus can spread. According to early estimates, the rate is estimated to be around 14%, but these initial estimates are imprecise [10]. Misinformation about the disease, which has been perpetuated mostly online, has created issues globally. In the rst week of January 2020, more than 15 million posts were created on Twitter regarding the disease, with one conspiracy theory being that the Chinese created this deadly virus to advance economic or political goals [11].  Studies have revealed that the average age for COVID-19 patients is 49. The prevalent sex of patients is male (73%), and almost 50% of patients have underlying health issues, such as diabetes (20%), cardiovascular disease, or hypertension (15%) [12]. Overseas, the Chinese are experiencing racial discrimination owing to the false information that they created this deadly virus in the laboratory, and they are dealing with mental health issues as a result. Moreover, misinformation has negatively affected Chinese tourism, and people are starting to dislike the country, which has damaged their economy [13].
In addition, extensive time is required to conduct experiments and create a vaccine that can treat infected people so that the outbreak can be controlled and lives can be saved. More time is necessary for scientists to conduct the process rigorously, which is one of the main objectives for controlling the outbreak [14]. outbreak literature includes information about how the virus started and how it is spreading globally, along with the reasons for its spread, so that it can be controlled through enforcing regulations. The diagnosis includes information about how the virus can be detected in a human being by examining the symptoms and how long they take to appear so that the severity of the condition can be determined in an infected person. Coronavirus prediction involves studying the virus and previous similar viruses to estimate how it will behave in the future. Various economic, social, and health challenges are faced and will continue to be faced by people worldwide owing to COVID-19.

Coronavirus Outbreak
The authors of 26 papers related to the COVID-19 outbreak are listed in Tab. 5 along with the sources of the data set. If no source was provided, the table uses the term not mentioned. The data set was taken from the Chinese Health Commission [15]. Hui et al. [11] Online repository World Health Organization 5 Patel et al. [12] Online repository National Health Commission of China 6 Wen et al. [13] Online repository World Health Organization 7 Wu et al. [14] Online repository Center for Disease Control China 8 Lai et al. [16] Online repository World Health Organization 9 Tang et al. [15] Online repository Chinese Health Commission 10 Xu et al. [17] Online repository World Health Organization 11 Wang et al. [18] Not given Not mentioned 12 Mattiuzzi et al. [19] Online repository World Health Organization 13 Ullah [20] Not given Not mentioned 14 Habibzadeh et al. [21] Online repository World Health Organization 15 Zhao et al. [22] Online repository World Health Organization 16 Kang et al. [23] Online repository National Health Commission of China 17 Paules et al. [24] Online repository World Health Organization (Continued) The authors of 26 papers related to the COVID-19 outbreak are presented in Tab. 6 along with methods to control the outbreak and the tools or software used to implement the strategies. The outcomes or observations in the papers are also given [28]. Extensive supervision can reduce infection spread and severity. Hui et al. [11] Extensive supervision Not used More than 90% of patients had a fever, and 80% had a dry cough. Patel et al. [12] Regulations for traveling Disease control centers within laboratories Symptoms appeared in 2 to 14 days, and patients with weak immune systems were at elevated risk. Wen et al. [13] Not given Not used Chinese people living abroad experience mental health issues owing to false information. Wu et al. [14] Quarantine, isolation, and social distancing Not used The objective of outbreak control is to gain extra time for vaccine preparation. Lai et al. [16] The realization of control measures for infection in clinical ophthalmology Personal protective equipment Patients should stay away from others for 2 weeks in isolation and retake tests after isolation.
(Continued) Tang et al. [15] Anti-retroviral drugs The model of transmission is dynamic.
The best measure is persistent self-isolation. Xu et al. [17] Isolation of a pathogen of novel type from below the respiratory tract of the patient

Electron transmission microscopy image
Research work and nancial support are needed along with personal awareness. Wang et al. [18] Antimicrobial drugs If the infection is deemed high risk, screening is done.
There are 2 solutions: isolation and nasal swab tests. Mattiuzzi et al. [19] Abnormal computed tomography (CT) chest scans to check the presence Diagnosis tests through real-time polymerase chain reaction assays Misinformation creates challenges; a policy regarding false information is needed. Ullah [20] Traveling and lockdown restrictions Not used Social distancing can mitigate the outbreak. Habibzadeh et al. [21] Antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir CT and X-rays of the chest To counter pathogens, policies are required. Zhao et al. [22] Estimation of the maximum likelihood using the serial interval of the infection The curve of the model of the epidemic growth is exponential.
The number of unreported cases was 469 between January 1-15. Kang et al. [23] Intervention teams for psychology Not used Mental health problems weaken decision-making by health workers and distract them. Paules et al. [24] The broad scope of antivirals and the procedure for clinical diagnosis Technology concerning the vaccine messenger ribonucleic acid The earlier perception of the coronavirus has changed from it being a mild cold. Zhou et al. [25] For 28 days, the trials of control and intervention groups were randomly conducted.

Rate of clinical improvement, hospitalization, and duration of mechanical ventilation
The effectiveness of oral and parenteral glucocorticoids was evaluated on patients with the virus. Holshue et al. [26] Swab patterns related to nasopharyngeal and test of implications related to nucleic acid

Radiographs of the lateral chest
To ght this virus, patient information should be shared at all levels.
Guo et al. [27] Transcriptomic-meta sequencing Ribonucleic acid genomes Vaccine trials are ongoing, as it has spread outside China in 85 regions/countries. Riou et al. [28] Virus exposure concerning respiration is compared with the past.
Outbreak trajectories using random simulation The initial patterns show similarity with SARS (2002).
Liu et al. [29] Encryption algorithm of international data using mean sequential interval lengths Model of the adjustment in exponential form and decay of mathematical incidence The virus value was 3.28, and the median was 2.79, and 1.16 was the interquartile range value; these values were higher than the WHO estimation of 1.95. Phelan et al. [30] All incoming and outgoing transportation in the city is prohibited, and vehicle traf c is banned during lockdown.

Not used
The late reactions after the virus outbreak cost lives and increased mental health cases.
(Continued)  [32] Patients' throat swabs sent to the disease control center using the polymerase chain reaction procedure CT or radiography of the chest Thirty-four was the average age of patients, and the male patient ratio was 77%.
Lai et al. [33] Epidemiology Clinical manifestations Intensive-care units were required for 26% of patients; 20% of patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Coronavirus Diagnosis
The authors of 12 papers related to COVID-19 diagnosis are presented in Tab. 7 along with the sources of the data set. If no source was given in the paper, the table uses the term not mentioned. The data set was taken from the Chinese Health Commission [34]. Loeffelholz et al. [39] Online repository World Health Organization 7 Shen et al. [40] Online repository World Health Organization 8 Jin et al. [41] Online repository Hangzhou Xixi Hospital 9 Li et al. [42] Online repository World Health Organization 10 Wasserman et al. [43] Not given Not mentioned 11 Pasomsub et al. [44] Of ine repository Hospital Ramathibodi of Thailand 12 Moriguchi et al. [45] Of ine repository Japan's National Institute of Infectious Diseases The authors of 12 papers related to COVID-19 diagnosis are presented in Tab. 8 along with methods to control the outbreak of the pandemic and the tools or software used to implement the methods. Further, the outcomes or observations of the papers are provided. The method for comparison between the results of the two specimens is used along with the implementation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real-time. As reported, 34.5% of patients were male, and their mean age was 36 [44].  [40] Using interferon to treat infected children Imaging of chest and screening Interferon showed no safety or ef cacy for treating infected children. Jin et al. [41] Analysis of immunoassay chemiluminescence Test of serological The variance of the titer and the positive rate of IgM was lower than that of IgG in the virus. Li et al. [42] Manifestations of clinical type Technology for identi cation of immunity and scans of CT The immune system ghts the virus, so the development of the virus is determined by the interaction of the immune system with the virus. Wasserman et al. [43] The prevalence in point testing to mitigate disease Polymerase chain reaction Symptom development took 3 to 14 days, so testing is favored every 1-2 weeks. Pasomsub et al. [44] Comparison between the results of two specimens The polymerase chain reaction in real time Male patients represented 34.5% of all patients; their mean age was 36 Moriguchi et al. [45] Nasopharyngeal CSF and swab CT scan for chest In serum samples, IgM antibodies and anti-HSV1 were not detected.

Coronavirus Prediction
The authors of 3 papers on COVID-19 prediction are presented in Tab. 9 along with the sources of the data set. If no source was given in the speci c paper, the table uses the term not mentioned. The data set was taken from a questionnaire survey of Belgium [46]. Ahmadi et al. [48] Online repository Ministry of Health Iran The authors of 3 papers on COVID-19 prediction documents are presented in Tab. 10 along with methods to control the outbreak and the tools or software used to implement strategies. Moreover, the outcomes or observations of the papers are provided. The integration method of the migration data before and after January 26, 2020 was used with the implementation of the susceptible, exposed, infectious, and removed (SEIR) model because it reports that the trend can be predicted using the SEIR model with rational conviction [47].

Univariate and simultaneous regression
The anxiety concerning health was a noted predictor for virus fears. Yang et al. [47] Integration of migration data before and after January 26, 2020 Susceptible, exposed, infectious, removed (SEIR) model The trend of the epidemic can be predicted by the model of SEIR within the rational conviction. Ahmadi et al. [48] During speci c dates, the projection of the epidemic was determined to predict hospitalized cases Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and error of least squares with the error of the percentage The epidemic would have attened from May 13 to July of 2020 in Iran if public health habits had been enforced.

Conclusions
COVID-19 has proved to be a deadly infection that has not only cost lives, but also damaged the economy by forcing businesses into bankruptcy. This has resulted in millions of people becoming unemployed. Mental health cases have also risen, causing an increase in suicides. Countries have taken out loans, and the International Monetary Fund has delayed payments of installments to allocate most of the resources for the ght against the pandemic. To date, vaccines have been developed and are in use in certain countries, but following standard operating procedures remain critical. The countries following the guidelines can eradicate this virus. New Zealand was the rst country to eliminate the virus from their territory. The predictions regarding the virus are that it can take up to or more than one year to eradicate it from the world. On the positive side, during this pandemic, several countries have sent medical professionals and equipment to those who are in need. If the world comes together as community, it can ght this deadly virus.