To reduce the vibration and sound radiation of underwater cylindrical shells, a skin composed of micro floating raft arrays and a compliant wall is proposed in this paper. A vibroacoustic coupling model of a finite cylindrical shell covered with this skin for the case of turbulence excitation is established based on the shell theories of Donnell. The model is solved with the modal superposition method to investigate the effects of the structural parameters of micro floating raft elements on the performance of reducing vibration and sound radiation of the cylindrical shell of this skin. The results indicate that increasing the stiffness ratio, damping ratio, mass ratio, or decreasing the interval between micro floating raft elements can improve the vibration and sound radiation reduction performance of this skin over the frequency range 0~2000 Hz. Moreover, the mean quadratic velocity level and sound radiation power level of the finite cylindrical shell with this skin can be reduced by 12.00 dB and 9.65 dB respectively compared to the finite cylindrical shell with homogeneous viscoelastic coating in the frequency range from 0~2000 Hz, implying a favorable performance of this skin for reducing the vibration and sound radiation of cylindrical shells.
The vibration and sound radiation of underwater cylindrical shells are always the main research contents in mechanics and acoustics because the cylindrical shell is the main structure of the great majority of underwater vehicles [1]. In order to reduce the vibration and sound radiation of the cylindrical shell, active vibration control [2,3], dynamic absorbers [4], circumferential ribs [5], lateral reinforced plates [6] and compliant layer [7,8] have been employed in the past. Among them, a compliant layer is widely used due to the stronger plasticity in structural design and lower cost in manufacturing. Laulagnet et al. [9] presented a mathematical model in order to investigate the sound radiation from a finite cylindrical shell covered with a compliant layer, indicating that a compliant layer with reasonable stiffness can reduce the radiated power in a large frequency domain. Liu et al. [10] focused on the vibration and acoustic radiation of a finite cylindrical shell, which is partially covered with circumferentially laid compliant layers and immersed in an infinite heavy fluid medium. It is found that the axisymmetry of the coatings has an effect on the radiated power of the partially covered shell. Huang et al. [11] presented an optimal design of acoustic coating with complex-shaped cavities based on a combining use of the analytical vibroacoustic model and a differential evolution algorithm to explore the better performance of sound radiation reduction. As can be seen, the compliant layer is an effective method to control the vibration and sound radiation of cylindrical shells and the optimal design of the compliant layer is one of the major research directions.
A floating raft isolation system has been widely applied to reduce the multi-point vibration of power units inside the ship [12–14]. Li et al. [15] analyzed the power flow of a floating raft isolation system by using the Green function, demonstrating a satisfactory vibration-reduction effect of the floating raft system. Liu et al. [16] studied the influence of the floating raft isolation system on the vibration characteristics of the marine pump, indicating the maximum vibration intensity of the pump is reduced by 88% after installing the floating raft damping system. Li et al. [17] focused on the effects of the geometric parameters of a floating raft on isolation performance. The results show that the structural parameters of middle mass have an impact on isolation performance. Fang et al. [18] investigated the vibration reduction characteristic of the floating raft with a periodic structure, demonstrating the same quality of the periodic floating raft has a better isolation effect than that of the single floating raft.
Considering the limitations of the current vibration and sound radiation reduction technology and the similarity between the multi-point excitation on the floating raft system and the turbulence excitation, a skin made of micro floating raft arrays and compliant layer (will be abbreviated as floating raft skin in following) is proposed. The structure is shown in Fig. 1, where the upper layer is the compliant wall and the lower layer is micro floating raft arrays.
The structure of a skin made of micro floating raft arrays
Consisting of a compliant wall and micro floating raft arrays, the floating raft skin has several adjustable parameters such as stiffness ratio and damping ratio. It is expected to have a better performance in controlling turbulent coherent structures, so as to reduce vibration and sound radiation of underwater cylindrical. The micro floating raft element not only can absorb and attenuate elastic wave directly, but also can form different periodic structure due to its adjustable interval and size, so that changing the noise suppression bands and bandwidths of the floating raft skin and realizing the function of reducing vibration and sound radiation. The proposal of this novel skin not only is helpful to improve the vibration and sound radiation performance of underwater cylindrical, but also makes a beneficial exploration in related theory and application.
The remainding part of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the mathematical model of a finite cylindrical shell covered with floating raft skin is established based on the shell theories of Donnell and it is solved with modal superposition method. In Section 3, the relationship between the performance of the floating raft skin to reduce the vibration and sound radiation of cylindrical shells and the structural parameters of micro floating raft elements is investigated. The difference in the performance for reducing vibration and sound radiation of cylindrical shells between the floating raft skin and homogeneous viscoelastic coating is also discussed in Section 3. Finally, the conclusion of this paper is drawn in Section 4.
Modelling and SolvingMathematical Modelling
In order to investigate the vibration and the sound radiation performance of the floating raft skin, a mathematical model of the cylindrical shell covered with the floating raft skin should be established. Here, the cylindrical shell covered with the floating raft skin is shown in Fig. 2, whose thickness divided by radius is less than 5%, is thin with radius r2 and length L; l is the distance between any two micro floating raft elements. Between the compliant and the cylindrical shell, there is an internal fluid. Among them, the micro floating raft element consists of upper and lower spring-damping elements and a middle mass. This shell is submerged in finite external fluid domain in which the sound velocity is c0 and the fluid density is ρ0, where h is the thickness of the compliant wall, r1 is the radius of the compliant wall.
Cylindrical shell covered with the floating raft skin
Based on the shell theories of Donnell [19], the vibration equation of the compliant wall can be set up
{∂2ux1∂x2+1−ν2r12∂2ux1∂φ2+1+ν2r1∂2uφ1∂x∂φ+νr1∂ur1∂x−1cp2∂2ux1∂t2=01+ν2r1∂2ux1∂x∂φ+1−ν2∂2uφ1∂x2+1r12∂2uφ1∂φ2+1r12∂ur1∂φ−1cp2∂2uφ1∂t2=0νr1∂ux1∂x+1r12∂uφ1∂φ+ur1r12+ξ2(r12∂4ur1∂x4+2∂4ur1∂x2∂φ2+1r12∂4ur1∂φ4)+1cp2∂2ur1∂t2=(1−ν2)(f+pi−po−pt)Ehwhere ux1, uφ1 and ur1 are the axial, circumferential and radial displacements of the compliant wall respectively with x, φ and r are the axial, circumferential and radial directions, respectively; ν is the Poisson’s ratio of the compliant wall, ρ is the mass density of the compliant wall, E is the Young's modulus of the compliant wall; t is the time; f, pi, po, pt are the support force of micro floating raft array, the radial pressure of the internal fluid, the radial pressure of the external fluid and the excitation of turbulence, respectively; ξ2=h212r12 is the thickness factor of the compliant wall; cp=Eρ(1−ν2) is the longitudinal wave velocity of the plate expanded by the compliant wall.
The displacements of the compliant wall are expanded with the modal expansion method, as follows:
{ux1uφ1ur1}=∑n=0∞∑m=1∞{ux1mncosnφcoskmxuφ1mnsinnφsinkmxur1mncosnφsinkmx}e−iωtwhere m and n are the axial and circumferential mode number, respectively; km=mπL; e−iωt is harmonic time factor with the imaginary unit i and the circular frequency ω.
Similarly, the support force of micro floating raft array, the radial pressure of the internal fluid, the radial pressure of the external fluid and the excitation of turbulence are expanded, as follows:
{fpipopt}=∑n=0∞∑m=1∞{FmnPimnPomnPtmn}cos(nφ)sin(kmx)e−iωtwhere Fmn, Pimn, Pomn and Ptmn are undetermined coefficients.
Substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1), the modal vibro-acoustic coupling equation of the compliant wall is formulated as follows:
[Δ1]{ux1mnuφ1mnur1mn}=−(1−ν2)r12Eh{00Fmn+Pimn−Pomn−Ptmn}where the matrix Δ1 is shown as follows:
when n = 1,2,3…, Δ1=[ω2cp2r12−km2r12−n2(1−ν)21+ν2nkmr1kmνr11+ν2nkmr1ω2cp2r12−1−ν2km2r12−n2−nkmνr1−nω2cp2r12−1−ξ2(km2r12+n2)2]
when n = 0, Δ1=[ω2cp2r12−km2r12kmνr1kmνr1ω2cp2r12−1−ξ2(km2r12)2]
Solving the Eq. (4) by separating variable methods leads to the radial modal vibration equation of the compliant wall
u˙r1mnZmnZ=Fmn+Pimn−Pomn−Ptmnwhere ZmnZ=Ehiω(1−ν2)r12|Δ1||Δ2| is the mechanical impedance of the compliant wall with
Δ2=(ω2cp2r12−km2r12−n2(1−ν)21+ν2nkmr11+ν2nkmr1ω2cp2r12−1−ν2km2r12−n2) when n = 1,2,3… and Δ2=(ω2cp2r12−km2r12) when n = 0.
To attain the numerical solution of Eq. (5), the coefficients Fmn, Pimn, Pomn and Ptmn which can be expressed as follows need to be solved firstly
{FmnPimnPomnPtmn}=εnπL∫02π∫0L{fpipopt}cosnφsinkmxdφdxwhere εn is the Neumann factor, when n=0, εn=1; when n≥1, εn=2.
The bearing condition of the j-th compliant wall element is shown in Fig. 3, where fj, pij, poi and ptj mean the support force of micro floating raft array, the radial pressure of internal fluid, the radial pressure of the external fluid and the excitation of turbulence acting on the j-th compliant wall element, respectively; k1, c1, m2, k2 and c2 are the stiffness of upper spring, the coefficient of upper damping, the middle mass, the stiffness of lower spring and the coefficient of lower damping, respectively; m1=2πr1hlρ is the mass of j-th compliant wall element.
The <italic>j-th</italic> compliant wall corresponding to micro floating raft element
The dynamic equation of the j-th compliant wall element is
The support force of the micro floating raft array equals the sum of the support forces of micro floating raft elements, as shown as follows:
f=∑j=1Tlfjδ(x−xj)=∑n=0∞∑m=1∞∑j=1Tlk1−iωc1iωu˙r1mncosnφsinkmxjδ(x−xj)where Tl is the number of micro floating raft elements.
Combining Eq. (9) with Eq. (6), the coefficient of the support force of the micro floating raft array is
Fmn=2×fju˙r1jL∑q=1∞∑j=1Tlsinkqxjsinkmxju˙r1qn=∑q=1∞Zfu˙r1qnwhere Zf is the additional impedance caused by micro floating raft array, as shown as follows:
Zf=2×fju˙r1jL∑j=1Tlsinkqxjsinkmxj
The compliant wall vibrates due to the excitation of turbulence, leading to the vibration of the internal fluid. The radial pressure of internal fluid satisfies the Helmholtz equation [20].
∇2pi+k02pi=0where ∇2=∂2∂r2+1r∂∂r+1r2∂2∂φ2+∂2∂x2 is Laplacian operator; k0=ωc0 is the number of acoustic wave.
It can be seen from Eq. (3)
pi=∑n=0∞∑m=1∞Pimncos(nφ)sin(kmx)e−iωt
Substituting Eq. (13) into Eq. (12), the formal solution of Pimn can be obtained by using the separated variable method.
Pimn={AmnJn(krr)+BmnYn(krr),km<k0AmnIn(kr′r)+BmnKn(kr′r),km>k0where kr=k02−km2; kr′=km2−k02; Jn and Yn are the first kind and the second kind of Bessel function; In and Kn the first kind and the second kind of modified Bessel function; Anm and Bnm are undetermined coefficients.
The boundary condition of the internal fluid radial pressure is shown as followes:
{∂pi∂r|r=r1=−ρ0∂2ur1∂t2∂pi∂r|r=r2=0
Substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (15) can we solve the coefficients Anm and Bnm, leading to the coefficient Pimn
Pimn=Ziu˙r1mnwhere Zi is the radiation impedance of internal fluid.
Substituting Eqs. (11), (17), (23) and (25) into Eq. (5), the modal velocity solution of the compliant wall is obtained. Furthermore, the mean quadratic velocity and the sound radiation power of the compliant wall can be represented as
{v2=12s∫s|u˙r1|2ds=14∑m=1∞∑n=0∞1εnu˙r1mnu˙r1mn∗p(ω)=12Re(∫sPeu˙∗r1ds)=S4Re(∑q=1∞∑m=1∞∑n=0∞1εnu˙r1qnZqmnu˙r1mn∗)where S is the surface area of the compliant wall; “||” means modulus of complex number; u˙r1mn∗ is the conjugate of u˙r1mn; “Re()” means taking the real part of complex numbers.
The mean of quadratic velocity level and sound radiation power level is defined as
Convergence Study of the Axial and Circumferential Mode Number
Figs. 4a and 4b show the curves of the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level with the frequency under different truncation values of the axial mode number, respectively. It can be seen that m = 15 is enough to guarantee the accuracy in the frequency range from 0 to 2000 Hz.
Result of the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level under different truncation values of the axial mode number
Figs. 5a and 5b show the curves of the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level with the frequency under different truncation values of the circumferential mode number, respectively. It could be noted that n = 20 is enough to guarantee the accuracy in the 0–2000 Hz scope.
Result of the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level under different truncation values of the axial mode number
Validation of the Algorithm
In order to verify the accuracy of the algorithm, the sound radiation power level in Guo et al. [22] is calculated by using our method. The parameters used are shown in Table 1.
Parameters used to verify the accuracy of the algorithm
Parameter
Value
Parameter
Value
L(m)
1.2
E(Pa)
2.1×1011
r1(m)
0.4
ν
0.3
h(m)
0.03
ρ1(kg/m3)
1000
ρ1(kg/m3)
7800
c0(m/s)
1500
The excitation force concentrates at the locations of φ=0 and x=L/2 with 1N amplitude. Mutual coupling is ignored, and only q = m items are considered. The calculated frequency band is 0–2000 Hz. The result is shown in Fig. 6.
Result comparison with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22">22</xref>]
In Fig. 6, we can find the curve trend of this paper is in good agreement with Guo. The error in the high frequency band is caused by the different shell motion theories used in the two papers. The shell theories used in Guo are proposed by Flugge, but Donnell shell theories are used in this paper.
Results and Discussion
The curves of mean quadratic velocity and sound radiation power with the coefficients of the interval micro floating raft elements α=l/h, stiffness ratio β=k1/k2, damping ratio γ=c1/c2 and the mass ratio δ=m2/m1 is obtained in this part. The current velocity of water is 5m/s. Other basic parameters used are shown in Table 2.
Parameters of the cylindrical covered with floating raft skin
Parameter
Value
Parameter
Value
L(m)
1.2
E(Pa)
5×109
r1(m)
0.44
ν
0.47
r2(m)
0.4
ρ1(kg/m3)
1000
ρ1(kg/m3)
1190
c0(m/s)
1500
The Effect of Micro Floating Raft Element Interval on the Vibration and Sound Radiation Reduction Performance of the Floating Raft Skin
Increase in α from 2 to 6 and other coefficients are β=0.1, γ=0.5 and δ=1 in Fig. 7.
The influence of different micro floating raft element interval on (a) mean quadratic velocity level and (b) sound radiation power level
From Fig. 7a, the value of the mean quadratic velocity level Lv increases with the growth of the interval of micro floating raft elements α. This is because the modal velocity u˙r1mn which decides the value of the mean quadratic velocity level increases when the interval of micro floating raft elements increases. From Fig. 7b, the value of the sound radiation power level Lw increases first and then decreases when the interval of micro floating raft elements increases. The result happens because the sound radiation power level depends on both the modal velocity u˙r1mn and the mutual radiation impedance Zqmn. While with the increase of the interval of micro floating raft elements, the number of circumferential modes n corresponding to a formant decreases, which can be seen in Fig. 8, leading to the decrease of the mutual radiation impedance Zqmn. It can be concluded that the floating raft skin will perform better in the case of lowering the interval of micro floating raft elements.
The modes of one formant corresponding to different micro floating raft element interval
The Effect of Stiffness Ratio on the Vibration and Sound Radiation Reduction Performance of the Floating Raft Skin
The stiffness ratio β is increased within the range of 0.2~1.0, the other coefficients are α=2, γ=0.5 and δ=1. The result is shown in Fig. 9.
The influence of different stiffness ratio on (a) mean quadratic velocity level and (b) sound radiation power level
It could be noted in Fig. 9 that there is no obvious difference in the trend of the curves of the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level with various stiffness ratio, indicating that the vibration and sound radiation reduction performance of the floating raft skin is hardly changed by changing stiffness ratio. The reason behind these results is that the modal velocity is decided by the sum of the impedances, but only the imaginary part of the additional impedance of micro floating raft array Zf, which is far less than the imaginary part of other impedances, is affected by stiffness ratio. However, there are differences in the position and height of the peaks of the curves of the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level with various stiffness ratio because the skin resonance characteristics changes when the impedance changes.
The Effect of Damping Ratio on the Vibration and Sound Radiation Reduction Performance of the Floating Raft Skin
Selecting α=2, β=0.6 and δ=1, increasing damping ratio γ over the range of 0.1~0.9, the mean quadratic velocity level and sound radiation power level are calculated in Fig. 10.
The influence of different damping ratio on (a) mean quadratic velocity level and (b) sound radiation power level
As shown in Fig. 10a, the mean quadratic velocity level decreases with the increase of the damping ratio γ. This is because, with the increase of damping ratio, the modal velocity decreases due to the growth of the additional impedance of the micro floating raft array. It can be seen in Fig. 10b that the sound radiation power level increases first and then decreases in low frequency band with the increase of damping ratio. The reason is that when damping ratio increases, the number of circumferential mode (m, n) corresponding to the same formant increase, which can be seen in Fig. 11, leading to the decrease of the mutual radiation impedance. However, the sound radiation power level decreases continuously with the increase of the damping ratio in the high-frequency band. The reason can be described as that the influence of the mutual radiation impedance in high-frequency analysis can be ignored. Because in the high-frequency band, the influence of the damping ratio on the mutual radiation impedance becomes weaker. To summarize, selecting a higher damping ratio contributes to making the floating raft skin perform better in reducing the vibration and sound radiation of the cylindrical shell.
The modes of one formant corresponding to different damping ratio
The Effect of Mass Ratio on the Vibration and Sound Radiation Reduction Performance of the Floating Raft Skin
When α=2, β=0.6 and γ=0.7, increasing mass ratio δ from 2 to 10. Fig. 12 gives the mean quadratic velocity level and sound radiation power level.
The influence of different mass ratio on (a) mean quadratic velocity level and (b) sound radiation power level
It can be seen from Fig. 12, the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level decrease with the increase of mass ratio δ, and the peaks of the curves shift right. This performance indicates that increasing mass ratio is helpful to enhance the vibration and sound radiation reduction performance of the floating raft skin and increase the resonance frequency. The reason is that the additional impedance of micro floating raft array increases when mass ratio increases, so that the modal velocity decreases. Hence, both the mean quadratic velocity level and the sound radiation power level decrease.
Comparison in Vibration and Sound Radiation Reduction Performance with Homogeneous Viscoelastic Coating
In order to further analyze the vibration and sound radiation reduction performance of the floating raft skin, selecting parameters: α=2, β=0.6, γ=0.7 and δ=6, the mean quadratic velocity level and sound radiation power level of the floating raft skin are calculated and compared with homogeneous viscoelastic coating [23], shown in Fig. 13.
The vibration and sound radiation performance of two kinds of coating
As shown in Fig. 13, in the frequency range with 0–2000 Hz, the average mean quadratic velocity level of the floating raft skin is reduced by 12.00 dB and the average mean quadratic velocity level of the floating raft skin is reduced by 9.65 dB compared with homogeneous viscoelastic coating. This shows that the floating raft skin perform better in vibration and sound radiation reduction than the homogeneous viscoelastic coating in the frequency range from 0 to 2000 Hz.
Conclusions
In this paper, a skin made of micro floating raft arrays is proposed, which is consisted of a floating raft system and a compliant wall. A mathematical model of the cylindrical shell covered with the floating raft skin is established, and the influence of various structural parameters on the compliant wall in the vibration and sound radiation of the shell is illustrated. The results show that increasing the stiffness ratio, damping ratio, mass ratio or decreasing the micro floating raft element interval can improve the vibration and noise reduction performance of the micro floating skin. Moreover, the floating raft skin can reduce the mean quadratic velocity level and sound radiation power level by 12.00 dB and 9.65 dB more respectively compared to the counterpart with homogeneous viscoelastic coating, leading to a favorable performance for reducing the hydrodynamic noise.
Funding Statement: The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51775123, 52075111) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 3072021CF0702).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.
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