Methanol (CH₃OH, CAS:67-56-1), dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂, CAS:75-09-2), 2,4-Diisocyanato-1-methylbenzene (TDI, CAS:584-84-9), and 5-isocyanato-1-(isocyanatomethyl)-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexane (IPDI, CAS:4098-71-9) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Jojoba diol was synthetized as described in our foregoing work [27].

The functional chemistry of prepared and used samples was studied by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H, ¹³C NMR). The FTIR analysis was carried out using a Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer (USA) as an instrument. The test was measured at wavelength varied from 4000 to 500 cm⁻¹ and the acquisition conditions of this analysis and resolution are 16 scans and 4 cm^-1, respectively. Concerning the NMR spectra analysis, it was performed using a Bruker Avance 400 MHz spectrometer. The test was done at 25°C in deuterated chloroform. The chemical shifts were reported in part per million relatives to tetramethylsilane. Obviously, the spin multiplicity is given by s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet.

The thermal properties were determined by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and the thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The test of TGA were studied using a TGA Q50 (TA instrument) at a heating rate of 15°C min⁻¹. 15 mg of prepared material was put on a platinum pan and heated 25°C to 750°C under air flow (60 mL min⁻¹). Concerning the DSC method, the test was performed out on a NETZSCH DSC200 calorimeter. The test consists of 10 mg of prepared samples which were sealed in hermetic aluminium pans or on a stainless-steel high-pressure capsule. The thermal behaviours were examined at 10°C min⁻¹ between −150 and 200°C to detect reaction enthalpy, glass transition as well as crystallization/fusion processes. All the reported temperatures are onset values and the test were done at least in duplicate.

The molar mass distribution of the prepared PU was determinate by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method. The test was established using a Varian ProStar Model 210 equipped with an RI refractive index detector as device. The test consist two PL gel 5 μm were fixed at 70°C with a 0.8 mL min⁻¹ flow rate of DMF with 0.1% of LiBr, calibrated using PMMA standards, several injection volume was typically 20 µL at a concentration of 10 mg.mL⁻¹.

VOs is suitable model substrates for starting the preparation of PU materials. In fact, the unsaturation’s can be easily modified by thiol ene coupling with mercaptoethanol. This direct route allows obtaining only a bifunctional diol from jojoba oil. The characterization of this monomer is done in previous work, [27] where it was provided that jojoba oil could be used as promising reagent to starting for preparing PU materials by a simple way and approach.

¹H NMR (δ, 400 MHz, ppm): 0.80 (H₁, CH₃, t); 1.21 (H₂, CH₂, l); 1.33 (H₃, CH₂, m); 1.48 (H₄, CH₂–CH, m); 1.55 (H₅, CH₂, m); 2.22 (H₆, CH₂–C=O, t); 2.52 (H₇, CH–S, td); 2.64 (H₈, CH₂–S, t); 3.62 (H₉, CH₂–OH, t); 3.98 (H₁₀, CH₂–O, t)

¹³C NMR (δ, 100.6 MHz, ppm): 14.1 (C₁); 27.2-35.8 (C_2-6); 41.2 (C₈); 45.8 (C_7’); 60.5 (C₉); 174.1 (C₁₁)

The synthesis of prepolymers (Fig. 2) was done in a three necked flask. The reaction was established under a magnetic stirrer, a nitrogen inlet and an addition funnel in order to add the several reagents: (5g, 1eq of Jodiol) and (2.32g, 2eq) of toluene diisocyanate for Pr1, and (2.32g, 2eq) of isophorone diisocyanate for Pr2. The reaction is occurred without catalyst at 80°C during 4 hours in the oil bath. In the case of TDI, THF was used as solvent.

FTIR (δ, cm⁻¹, Fig. 3): 3300 (N–H groups), 2260 (NCO free isocyanate), 2925-2855 (CH aliphatic compounds), 1700–1730 cm⁻¹ (C=O ester and urethane), 1530 (N–H urethane).

¹H NMR (Fig. 4A, δ, 400 MHz, ppm): δ = 0.85 ppm (6H, CH₃–CH₂ ,t); δ = 1.1–1.6 ppm (64H, CH₂–CH₂, m); δ = 2,1 ppm (6H,CH₃–ph, d); δ = 2.2 ppm (2H, H₅, CH₂C=O, t); δ = 2.5−2.6 ppm (2H, H₆ H–CS–, m), δ = 2.75 ppm (4H, H₇, CH₂–S, t), δ = 4 ppm (2H, H₁₀, –CH₂ –OCO, t); δ = 4.25 ppm (8H, H₉, –CH₂–OCO, t); δ = 6.5−7.2 ppm (6H, H₁₀,H₁₁,H₁₂, H–Ph, d).

¹H NMR (Fig. 4B, δ, 400 MHz, ppm): δ = 0.85–1.2 ppm (24H, H₁,H_1^′,H₁,CH₃–CH₂, t); δ = 1.25–1.75 ppm (64H, H₂,H₃,H_3^′,H₄, CH₂–CH₂, m); δ = 2.3 ppm (4H, H₅, CH₂C=O, t); δ = 2.5–2.6 ppm (2H, H₆, CH₂–HCS–, m), δ = 2.75 ppm (4H, H₇ CH₂–S–, t), δ = 2.9 ppm (4H, H₈, NH–CH₂, d), δ = 3.4 ppm (2H, H₉, CH-NCO, m), δ = 4 ppm (2H, H₁₀ , -CH₂-CH₂-OCO, t); δ = 4.25 ppm (8H, H₁₁, -CH₂-CH₂-OCO, t).

PUs materials were formed by the addition of chain extenders to the liquid prepolymers. 1 eq of 1,3-propanediol were added to Pr1 to obtain PU1, and Pr2 added to get PU2. All the formulations were occurred for 4 h at 80°C.

PU1 and PU2 FTIR (δ, cm⁻¹, Fig. 5): 3300 (N-H groups), 2921-2851 (CH aliphatic), 1700–1730 cm⁻¹ (C=O ester and urethane), 1530 (N-H urethane).

¹H NMR (Fig. 6A, δ, 400 MHz, ppm): δ = 0.85 ppm (6H, CH₃–CH₂ ,t); δ = 1.1–1.6 ppm (64H, CH₂–CH₂, m); δ = 1.7 - 2 ppm (6H, H₄,CH₃–ph, d); δ = 2.2 ppm (2H, H₅, CH₂C=O, t); δ = 2.5–2.6 ppm (2H, H₆ H–CS–, m), δ = 2.75 ppm (4H, H₇, CH₂–S, t), δ = 4 ppm (2H, H₈, –CH₂ –OCO, t); δ = 4.25 ppm (8H, –CH₂–OCO, t); δ = 6.5–7.2 ppm (6H, H₁₀,H₁₁,H₁₂,H–Ph, d).

¹H NMR (Fig. 6B, δ, 400 MHz, ppm): δ = 0.85–1.2 ppm (24H, H₁,H_1^′,H_1^″,CH₃–CH₂, t); δ = 1.25–1.75 ppm (64H, H₂,H_2^′,H₃,H_3^′,H₄ CH₂–CH₂, m); δ = 2.3 ppm (2H, H₅, CH₂C=O, t); δ = 2.5–2.6 ppm (2H, H₆, CH₂–HCS–, m), δ = 2.75 ppm (4H, H₇, CH₂–S–, t), δ = 2.9 ppm (4H, H₈, NH–CH₂, d), δ = 3.75 ppm (8H, H₉, NH-CH, m), δ = 4 ppm (2H, H₁₀, –CH₂–CH₂–OCO, t); δ = 4.1–4.25 ppm (8H, –CH₂–CH₂–OCO, t).

Jojoba diol (Jodiol) was prepared as reported in previously work [27]. Number of hydroxyl groups was 1.98 hydroxyl functions per molecule [27]. The obtained polyol is used to elaborate new polyurethane material by two-step synthesis: (A) Isocyanate-terminated prepolymer synthesis from excess diisocyanate and jodiol to obtain prepolymer; (B) Reaction of prepolymer with diol to build high molecular weight polyurethane chains. The prepolymer synthesis is displayed at Fig. 2A. It is an isocyanate terminated molecule that was obtained by reaction of an excess of diisocyanate and Jodiol. In this work TDI and IPDI were used to obtain Pr1 and Pr2 respectively. TDI is an aromatic cyclic isocyanate while IPDI is an aliphatic diisocyanate.

The characterisation of theses monomers was occurred by FTIR and NMR ¹H. The FTIR spectrum of both prepolymers, presented in Fig. 3, showed the presence of main characteristic band at around 2250 cm⁻¹, which corresponds to the stretching vibration of NCO group and other band at around 1730 cm⁻¹ attributed to the stretching of C=O group. Finally, the presence of N-H stretching vibration around 3300 cm⁻¹ demonstrates that the prepolymerization reaction was successfully occurred.

In addition of protons signals of Jodiol, ¹H NMR of Pr1 demonstrate the apparition of the characteristic protons signals H_11,12,10 of the aromatic ring between 6.25 and 7.2 ppm and methylene group attached to the ring at 2.1 ppm. ¹H NMR of Pr2 demonstrate the apparition of new peaks at 0.8–1.2 and 3.4 ppm attributed to CH₃ protons of IPDI and CH proton in α position of the free isocyanate function respectively, as well as CH₂ Protons in α position of the urethane group at 2.9 ppm. These spectral findings clearly confirmed the structure of intermediates before the polymerization.

Two different PU materials were synthetized from the Pr1 and Pr2 by the addition of the biobased 1-3 propanediol as chain extender. The synthesis pathways are presented at Fig. 2B. This final step leads to the formation of linear PUs with good flexibility and transparency films. The characterization of the materials was performed by FTIR and NMR.

FTIR spectrum presented in Fig. 5, demonstrate the formation of urethane linkages by observing the desired bands at their respective positions. The disappearance of the characteristic peak of NCO group at 2260 cm⁻¹ for PU 1 and PU 2, while the band at 3200–3500 cm⁻¹ represent the overlapping of NH stretching vibrations, the stretching vibrations of –C=O of urethane and Jodiol appears at 1700–1750 cm⁻¹. N–H deformation vibration of PUs was also observed between 1520 and 1530 cm⁻¹. The ¹H NMR study confirmed the formation of the linear polyurethanes.

¹H NMR spectrum of PU1 (Fig. 6A), display the apparition of the signals H_12, H₁₁ and H₁₀ in the range of 6.4–7.2 ppm and they were attributed to the protons of phenyl groups of TDI, while the signals H₉ and H_9’ in α position of urethane groups appears at 4.2–4.5 ppm. For the PU2, NMR spectrum (Fig. 6B) show the apparition of the signal H₉ at 3.70 ppm referred to the proton of asymmetric carbon of the IPDI cycle, while the methylene protons H₁’ and H₁” of IPDI appears between 0.9 and 1.15 ppm. The addition of propane diol is demonstrated by the presence of an additional signal at 4.25 ppm attributed to protons in α position of urethane groups. The above results confirm the formation of PUs materials.

First of all, PU materials were characterized by DSC in order to determine their glass transition temperature (Tg). DSC analysis curve in Fig. 7a demonstrates the presence of glass transition at −30°C and −22°C, for PU1 and PU2, respectively. These low Tg are expected and were caused by the aliphatic structure of the macrodiol and propane diol. In addition, these two values are very close, and the small difference is due to the structure of PU1 which has an aromaticity compared to the PU2. No residual exothermic reaction was observed for all PU materials, which implies, that the materials totally formed. In addition, no endothermal peaks were seen in both samples which imply that the materials do not present any change of state until 200°C.

TGA analyses were carried out for all PUs in order to investigate their stability under air atmosphere (Fig. 7b) with a heating rate of 15°C min⁻¹. It is noticed that the PU1 is slightly stable than the PU2 this is due to the presence of the aromatic ring in the PU1. Both PUs are stable until 250°C and showed three-step degradation just like the PU materials synthetized in our previous work by the use of Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The most thermo-liable section within the structure between 350°C and 450°C is attributed to the aliphatic long chain of jojoba oil which consist the soft segment. These materials exhibited a 5% weight loss between 230 and 250°C, then the mass decreases gradually until 550°C to reach 100% of degradation.

SEC analysis was performed on the PU1 and the PU2 and the result is summarized in the Fig. 8. It is clear that the M¯n of both materials was pretty much the same, PU1 show a M¯n of 17.000 while PU2 show a M¯n of 15,000 g mol⁻¹ with a dispersity of 1.9. This result is similar to the PUs obtained from methylene diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate and jojoba diol presented in our previous work [27].